coating
Cognitive science
Color
Communication（remote communication via tools or media）
Compact
Concept
Copyright
Craft
Culture
Cybernetics
Cybernetics
Cybernetics is a field of study advocated by American mathematician Norver Winner in 1947 and named after a Greek word kebernetes which means "navigator." He did no establish the field's domain with a strict definition but instead gave it the outline of a general science that collectively handles various issues related to communication&sbquo control and information processing in living bodies and machines. Cybernetics takes as the subject as system that possesses a systematic structure for achieving a certain purpose in which that purpose-directed action is considered to be a result of that system's very structure this approach is not concerned with the physical nature of that structure or what kind of energy it uses&sbquo but focuses on how the information is transmitted and processed&sbquo and how the result are controlled. This approach is already common sense in today's information age. For example&sbquo memory&sbquo cognitions&sbquo learning&sbquo self-organization&sbquo language&sbquo intelligence&sbquo etc&sbquo have been subjects of research in the field of engineering&sbquo and in structuring theories of the central nervous system or control mechanisms of living bodies&sbquo cybernetics is nothing more than a term that parcels research into a general field of study of general science. Although it failed to become an appellation for a field of study&sbquo it should be credited as having historical significance in two senses. First&sbquo it established a frame of reference for automatic&sbquo homeostatic control systems through the development of machines modeled after human beings no the study of life modeled after machines. Second&sbquo it included phenomena which science had traditionally avoided as objects of study by discovering a threshold value unique to the nervous system and raising the level of interest in non-liner systems in living forms&sbquo machines and natural phenomena. This in the end motivated research rather than under the tie space. This&sbquo however&sbquo has been advanced in operations research rather than under the name of cybernetics. Rather than a man-machine theory&sbquo design should take cybernetics for example a way of thinking about how to understand man and machine&sbquo nature and environment.